ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY,
B.F. NELSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY SITE, MINNEAPOLIS, HENNEPIN COUNTY, MINNESOTA (text-only version)
SHPO File No. 2001-2148
OSA License No. 01-020
The 106 Group Project No. 01-11
Submitted to:
St. Anthony West Neighborhood Organization
909 Main Street NE
Minneapolis, MN 55413
and the
St. Anthony Falls Heritage Board
240 Summit Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55102
Submitted by:
The 106 Group Ltd.
The Dacotah Building
370 Selby Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55102
Principal Investigator:
K. Anne Ketz, M.A.
Report Author:
Michelle M. Terrell, Ph.D.
July 2001.
B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
During May 2001, The 106 Group Ltd. conducted archaeological monitoring of the
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency's (MPCA) Phase II investigation of the B.F.
Nelson Manufacturing Company site in Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota.
The survey area is approximately 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and is located in the S½ of
the SW¼ of Section 14 and the N½ of the NW¼ of Section 23 in T29N, R24W. The
archaeological monitoring was conducted for the St. Anthony West Neighborhood
Organization with the aid of a grant from the St. Anthony Falls Heritage Board.
Anne Ketz served as Principal Investigator for this project, and Dr. Michelle Terrell
served as Field Director. The investigation consisted of a review of previously
recorded sites and surveys within one mile (1.6 kilometers [km]) of the project area
and archaeological monitoring of the MPCA's investigations, which were conducted by
Delta Environmental Consultants. The environmental testing consisted of the
excavation of 8 test trenches and the boring of 20 direct-push geoprobes at locations of
recognized, or potential, environmental impacts associated with the former B.F. Nelson
Manufacturing Company.
Because test locations were selected on the basis of environmental concerns and not
archaeological testing strategies, the data gathered was not sufficient to assess the
archaeological integrity of specific resources. The results of the trench excavations
and probes, though, did indicate that potentially significant archaeological deposits
from the late-nineteenth century may be preserved beneath the fill and debris associated
with the destruction of the B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company plant. Therefore, The
106 Group recommends that any additional environmental testing be monitored by an
archaeologist and that prior to any subsurface impacts that the area of potential effect
(APE) undergo further archaeological testing.
Furthermore, as the B.F. Nelson site is located on Central Riverfront Regional Park
land, just outside the northeast boundary of the St. Anthony Falls National Register
Historic District, The 106 Group suggests that the property provides an opportunity to
link the neighborhood with the existing park system. At present, the park trail skirts the
site to the northwest as it crosses from Nicollet Island to Boom Island Park. Although
a formal path system is not present on the B.F. Nelson property, it is frequented by
pedestrians, joggers, and cyclists, who use it as a means of connecting to the trails of
Nicollet Island and Boom Island Park. The undeveloped lands of the B.F. Nelson site
and its history provides the opportunity to expand the park trail system in the
historically and environmentally sensitive fashion already present in the St. Anthony
Falls Heritage Trail..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY....................................................................................................................I
TABLE OF CONT II
LIST OF FIGURES ...III
LIST OF TABLES......III
1.0 INTRODUCTIO 1
2.0 METHODS.......... 4
2.1 BACKGROUND RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................................. 4
2.2 FIELD METHODS 4
3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING....................................................................................................... 7
4.0 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS....................................................................................................10
4.1 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ..................................................................10
4.2 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS ............................................................................................11
4.3 POTENTIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN THE PROJECT AREA ...................................................11
4.3.1 Sprague Sawmill, c. 1872 - 1873 (Block 23, Lot 6).......................................................14
4.3.2 Minneapolis Strawboard and Paper/B.F. Nelson Paper Company, 1882 - 1973,
(Block 23, Lots 1-2)...........................................................................................................................14
4.3.3 Rollins/Nelson-Tenney “A” Sawmill, 1871 - c.1905.....................................................14
4.3.4 Stetson and Clough Brothers/Nelson-Tenney “B” Sawmill, 1880 - c. 1905
(Block 17, Lots 1 and 2)....................................................................................................................18
4.3.5 St. Anthony Turner Hall (Block 22, Lot 4)......................................................................18
4.4 POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE................................................................................................................20
4.4.1 Sprague Sawmill, Minneapolis Strawboard and Paper Mill, Rollins Sawmill,
and the Stetson and Clough Brothers Sawmill.............................................................................20
4.4.2 St. Anthony Turnverein Hall and B.F. Nelson Memorial Settlement House .............20
5.0 RESULTS...........22
5.1 BLOCK 17 - AREA OF SAWMILL A AND B.......................................................................................22
5.2 BLOCK 18 - RESIDENTIAL AREA .....................................................................................................25
5.3 BLOCK 22 - TURNER HALL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA ......................................................................25
5.4 BLOCK 23 - MINNESOTA STRAWBOARD AND PAPER COMPANY/NELSON PAPER
COMPANY, SPRAGUE SAWMILL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA ..........................................................................26
6.0 28
REFERENCES...........29
APPENDIX A: COMMUNICATION FROM SHPO
APPENDIX B: MINNESOTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL LICENSE
APPENDIX C: LIST OF PROJECT PERSONNEL.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1. PROJECT LOCATION....................................................................................................................... 2
FIGURE 2. LOCATIONAL MAP SHOWING 1885, 1892, 1912, AND 1952 FEATURES, AND
PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING................................................................................................... 5
FIGURE 3. LOCATION OF THE B.F. NELSON SITE IN RELATION TO THE ST. ANTHONY FALLS
HERITAGE TRAIL AND ASSOCIATED PARK SYSTEM................................................................................ 8
FIGURE 4. GENERAL SITE VIEW, FACING SOUTH............................................................................................ 9
FIGURE 5. GENERAL SITE VIEW ALONG THE RIVER, FACING NORTHWEST...................................................... 9
FIGURE 6. DETAIL OF PROJECT AREA FROM AN 1867 PANORAMIC MAP OF MINNEAPOLIS AND
SAINT ANTHONY, FACING NORTHWEST (PROJECT AREA IS OUTLINED).............................................. 12
FIGURE 7. DETAIL OF PROJECT AREA FROM AN 1879 PANORAMIC MAP OF MINNEAPOLIS AND
SAINT ANTHONY, FACING NORTHWEST (PROJECT AREA IS OUTLINED).............................................. 12
FIGURE 8. 1857 VIEW OF ST. ANTHONY, FACING NORTH ........................................................................... 13
FIGURE 9. DETAIL OF COOK'S 1872 MAP OF MINNEAPOLIS........................................................................ 13
FIGURE 10. DETAIL OF HERANCOURT'S 1885 PANORAMIC MAP OF MINNEAPOLIS,
FACING SOUT_GPOL15
FIGURE 11. 1885 SANBORN FIRE INSURANCE MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA ................................................. 16
FIGURE 12. 1885 ILLUSTRATION OF THE NELSON-TENNEY AND CO SAWMILL ............................................ 17
FIGURE 13. WATERCOLOR OF THE PROJECT AREA PAINTED FROM NICOLLET ISLAND BY
FERDINAND UEBEL, 1901................................................................................................................... 17
FIGURE 14. 1888 ILLUSTRATION OF THE STETSON AND CLOUGH BROTHERS SAWMILL............................... 19
FIGURE 15. B.F. NELSON MEMORIAL SETTLEMENT HOUSE, 1937 .............................................................. 19
FIGURE 16. LOCATIONAL MAP SHOWING 1885 FEATURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
TESTING LOCA_NGME23
FIGURE 17. LOCATIONAL MAP SHOWING 1885, 1892, 1912, AND 1952 FEATURES, BLOCK
OUTLINES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING LOCATIONS ..................................................................... 24
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES ...................................................................................................... 10.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
During May 2001, The 106 Group Ltd. conducted archaeological monitoring during the
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency's (MPCA) Phase II investigation of the B.F.
Nelson Manufacturing Company site in Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota.
The survey area includes approximately 18 acres (7.3 hectares) and is located in the
S½ of the SW¼ of Section 14 and the N½ of the NW¼ of Section 23 in T29N, R24W
(Figure 1). The archaeological monitoring was conducted for the St. Anthony West
Neighborhood Organization.
In late 2000, the MPCA retained Delta Environmental Consultants for a Phase I
Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) of the former B.F. Nelson Manufacturing
Company site. This research was carried out under the auspices of the MPCA Site
Assessment Brownfields program, which receives funding from the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct Phase I and II Environmental Site Assessments at
potentially contaminated sites in Minnesota. At present, the survey area is Minneapolis
Park and Recreation Board parkland, but from the 1870s to 1975 the site was used for
industrial purposes. Based on the results of the Phase I environmental assessment,
Delta recommended a Phase II subsurface environmental investigation of the B.F.
Nelson site.
As the environmental assessment of the former site of the B.F. Nelson Manufacturing
Company will receive federal funding from the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA); the federal laws require an accounting of the project's potential effects
on historic and archaeological resources. Specifically, Section 106 of the National
Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, stipulates that all agencies undertaking
federal projects must evaluate the effects of such projects on properties that are listed
on, or eligible for, listing on the National Register. In addition, the Minnesota Field
Archaeology Act and the Minnesota Historic Sites Act require consultation with the
State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) when an archaeological site is known or
suspected to exist on public land or if a National Register-listed property may be
affected. Although once part of the St. Anthony Falls National Register Historic
Disctrict, the B.F. Nelson site was excluded when the district boundaries were revised
in 1973 for the planned construction of the 1-335 corridor (Hess and Anfinson 1991).
At this time, the SHPO has submitted a letter to the MPCA stating: “Based on the
locations and extent of the proposed soil borings and test pits, we conclude that this
project will not affect any significant historical elements of the district. Therefore, we
conclude that no historic properties will be affected”(Appendix A). The SHPO,
though, does acknowledge archaeological monitoring sponsored by the St. Anthony
West Neighborhood Organization and has requested to review the subsequent technical
report...B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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The Phase II environmental investigation consisted of the excavation of 8 test trenches
and the pushing of 20 geoprobes at locations of recognized, or potential, environmental
impacts associated with the former B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company. The
archaeological monitoring was sponsored by the St. Anthony West Neighborhood
Organization through a St. Anthony Falls Heritage Board Technical Assistance Grant.
The archaeological research consisted of a literature search, a review of previously
recorded sites and surveys at the Minnesota SHPO within one mile (1.6 kilometers
[km]) of the project area, the creation of a site map showing historic structure locations
in relation to the test locations, and the documentation of the location and results of the
environmental testing. As the site was located on municipal land, a Minnesota
archaeological license was acquired (Appendix B).
The following report describes project methodology, environmental setting, previous
investigations, results and recommendations for the B.F. Nelson project area..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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2.0 METHODS
The primary objective of the present investigation was to monitor the MPCA
environmental testing. The testing process also permitted the assessment of the
archaeological potential within the tested portions of the project area. All work was
conducted in accordance with the SHPO Guidelines for Archaeological Projects in
Minnesota (Anfinson 2001) and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and
Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation [48 Federal Register 44716-44740].
2.1 BACKGROUND RESEARCH METHODS
Prior to the start of the environmental testing, The 106 Group staff conducted
background research at SHPO on previously identified sites and surveys within one
mile (1.6 km) of the project area. In addition, in order to be familiar with the
archaeological potential of the area, before the commencement of the environmental
testing, site-specific research was carried out using historic maps and photographs,
industrial histories, and city directories. Based on this background research, a plan
map of the project area was generated using ESRI ArcView 3.2. Map layers
identifying historic structure locations from 1885, 1892, 1912, and 1952, together with
a map of Delta's proposed test locations, were overlaid on a 2000 geo-referenced
aerial photograph (Figure 2). This map aided in the archaeological monitoring by
identifying potential structures proximate to the testing locations.
2.2 FIELD METHODS
Fieldwork consisted of monitoring the results of Delta's test trenches and soil borings
for intact archaeological deposits. The excavation locations and the pace of the
fieldwork were determined by the environmental testing directed by Delta. The areas
assessed were selected for their recognized, or potential, environmental impacts
associated with the former B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company. These locations were
chosen by Delta on the basis of oral interviews, Sanborn Map Company fire insurance
maps, city directories, historical topographic maps, and a search of federal and state
databases (Delta 2001:1-2)...B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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The environmental testing was conducted May 14 through May 17, 2001. Dr. Michelle
Terrell of The 106 Group served as the Field Director and was on site to monitor all
subsurface testing. Catherine Stott of Delta directed the fieldwork and MPCA
representative Andrew Nichols was on site each day. On May 14, a total of 8 test
trenches was excavated by a backhoe operated by Darrell Ryan of D.R. Ryan
Construction. Test trenches were dug to a depth of approximately 10 feet (ft.) or
refusal, whichever came first. The length of the trenches was approximately 20 ft.
From May 15 through May 17, Michael Thein of Thein Well Company, drilled a total
of 20 geoprobes. Geoprobes were advanced to a depth of 20 ft. or refusal, whichever
came first. Proposed groundwater monitoring wells were not installed at this time.
Archaeological monitoring consisted of the documentation of the location of the test
trenches and soil borings and any encountered archaeological features with a Trimble
Pro XR/XRS Global Positioning Systems Unit. The Field Director also documented
all phases of fieldwork with color slides, digital photographs, and field notes. These
notes included all workers present on site, details of testing, the location and contents
and character of all trenches and test areas, encountered cultural materials, impressions
of the site as a whole (as well as individual components), and details of the site
stratigraphy.
Due to the potential for environmental contamination on the site, archaeological hand
excavation was not permitted. All artifacts uncovered in the field were noted in the
log, photographed, and left in situ..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company site is located in the S½ of the SW¼ of
Section 14 and the N½ of the NW¼ of Section 23 in T29N, R24W in Minneapolis,
Hennepin County, Minnesota (Figure 1). The project area is bounded to the east by the
current routes of Main Street NE and Marshall Street NE, to the south by the line of 3 rd
Avenue NE, to the west by the Mississippi River, to the northwest by Boom Island
Park, and to the north by 6 th Avenue NE. This property is located within the Central
Lakes Deciduous South archaeological region/sub-region.
Geologically, the project area lies within the Mississippi Valley Outwash
geomorphological region. Due to a century of industrial development on the site, the
surface geology of the subject area consists primarily of urban deposits. Underlying
these deposits is approximately 20 to 40 ft. of sand and silty sand of the Mississippi
River lower terrace deposits. Underlying the terrace deposit is limestone of the
Plattville Formation. Along the Mississippi River on the southeast and northwest
portions of the subject property, the Plattville limestone is absent, exposing the
sandstone of the St. Peter (Delta 2001:2-3).
The topography of the project area consists of an upland on the eastern portion of the
site that is bounded to the west by a scarp that parallels the Mississippi River
shoreline. The scarp roughly corresponds to the late-nineteenth-century shoreline prior
to the introduction of fill that eventually connected Boom Island to the east bank of the
river. All of the land to the west of the scarp consists of fill.
The B.F. Nelson site is located on Central Riverfront Regional Park land just outside
the northeast boundary of the St. Anthony Falls National Register Historic District
(Figure 3). The upper portions of the site on either side of the former route of Marshall
Street NE are open grasslands with the exception of a few trees along Main Street NE
(Figure 4). A tree line roughly parallels the scarp and the lower ground along the river
is also wooded (Figure 5). The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board has installed
a paved path leading down to the riverfront, as well as two overlook points...B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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FIGURE 4. GENERAL SITE VIEW, FACING SOUTH
FIGURE 5. GENERAL SITE VIEW ALONG THE RIVER, FACING NORTHWEST.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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4.0 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
The 106 Group staff conducted background research at the SHPO prior to the field
investigation. Staff reviewed state site files and reports of cultural resources
investigations to identify previously recorded archaeological sites within one mile (1.6
km) of the survey area.
4.1 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Research at the SHPO indicated that there are no recorded sites within the survey area.
A search for previously recorded archaeological sites within Sections 13, 14, 15, 22,
23 and 24 of T29N, R24W was also conducted. Sixteen archaeological sites were
recorded within Sections 22 and 23. All of these sites were located on the west bank
of the river and south and west of the project area. Many of these sites are also located
within the St. Anthony Falls National Register Historic District. Table 1 presents a list
of these previously recorded sites.
TABLE 1. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES WITHIN ONE MILE OF THE PROJECT
County Site Number Legal Description Description
Hennepin 21HE0112 T29N, R24W, Sec. 22 Omaha R.R. Roundhouse
Hennepin 21HE0113 T29N, R24W, Sec. 22 North Star Sawmill
Hennepin 21HE0114 T29N, R24W, Sec. 22 West Side Power Plant
Hennepin 21HE0115 T29N, R24W, Sec. 22 and 23 Pacific Sawmill
Hennepin 21HE0116 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Hennepin Avenue Bridge Footings
Hennepin 21HE0117 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Gateway Residential District
Hennepin 21HE0127 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 King Midas/Pillsbury “B” Grain
Elevator
Hennepin 21HE0128 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Middle Woodland Habitation
Hennepin 21HE0195 T29N, R24W, Sec. 22 North Star Ironworks
Hennepin 21HE0196 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Bridgehead Area B
Hennepin 21HE0266 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Federal Courthouse Site
Hennepin 21HE0272 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Petit Flour Mill/NW Consolidated
Elevator “B”
Hennepin 21HE0273 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Zenith Flour Mill
Hennepin 21HE0274 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Alaska Flour Mill/Pillsbury “B” Mill
Hennepin 21HE0275 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Mpls. Mill Company Waterpower
Canal
Hennepin 21HE0283 T29N, R24W, Sec. 23 Palisade Mill
Many of these sites were identified during development projects along the Minneapolis
riverfront. Sites 21HE0112 through 21HE0117 were identified during 1983 and 1986
archaeological surveys of the proposed West River Parkway extension (Anfinson
1984; Tordoff 1984; Tordoff and Clouse 1987). Archaeological investigation of the
Bridgehead area for the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis resulted in the.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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documentation of sites 21HE195 and 21HE196 (Rust et al. 1995). The recent
development of the Mills Ruins Park has brought about the identification of sites
21HE0272 through 21HE0275 (Clouse 1996). Most of the sites consist of foundations
and structural remains associated with flour milling and sawmills along the
Minneapolis riverfront.
4.2 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS
There are no documented previous archaeological surveys of the project area. As
indicated above, though, archaeological surveys have occurred within the neighboring
area (Abel et al. 1997; Anfinson 1984; Tordoff 1984; Tordoff and Clouse 1987). In
addition to those related to the West River Parkway extension, a survey was carried
out for the Mississippi River Whitewater Trail and Park (Skaar 1999). This project
was located on the east side of the river, but to the south and east (S½ SW¼ Section
24, T29N, R24W) of the project area. No sites were recorded during the survey.
4.3 POTENTIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN THE PROJECT AREA
The project area encompasses all of Blocks 17, 22, and 23 as well as portions of
Blocks 18 and 19 within the plat of the Town of St. Anthony. While St. Anthony grew
rapidly during the 1850s, the industrial boom that began around the Falls of St. Anthony
did not reach the project area until the 1870s (Anfinson 1989:91). Prior to
development in the 1870s of steam sawmills on the site, the blocks encompassed by the
project area were only sparsely populated by homes and businesses (Ruger 1867;
Ruger 1879) (Figures 6 and 7). An 1857 photograph by B.F. Upton of the northern
portion of the Town of St. Anthony shows scattered wood frame structures in the area
(Figure 8). In a 1989 study of archaeological potentials along the Central Minneapolis
Riverfront, Dr. Scott Anfinson of the SHPO identified four locations within the project
area that may contain potentially significant resources related to the industrial
development of the area (Anfinson 1989:93). These sites include three pre-1900
sawmills and a paperbox factory. In addition to these industrial sites, documentary
research revealed that the hall of the St. Anthony Turnverein (or Turners), which
would later be converted to the B.F. Nelson Memorial Settlement House, was also
situated on the B.F. Nelson site. A brief description of each of these potentially
significant properties is provided below..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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SOURCE: RUGER 1867
FIGURE 6. DETAIL OF PROJECT AREA FROM AN 1867 PANORAMIC
MAP OF MINNEAPOLIS AND SAINT ANTHONY, FACING
NORTHWEST (PROJECT AREA IS OUTLINED)
SOURCE: RUGER 1879
FIGURE 7. DETAIL OF PROJECT AREA FROM AN 1879 PANORAMIC
MAP OF MINNEAPOLIS AND SAINT ANTHONY, FACING NORTHWEST
(PROJECT AREA IS OUTLINED).B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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SOURCE: UPTON 1857, MHS NEG. NO. 13494
FIGURE 8. 1857 VIEW OF ST. ANTHONY, FACING NORTH
SOURCE: COOK 1872
FIGURE 9. DETAIL OF COOK'S 1872 MAP OF MINNEAPOLIS.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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4.3.1 Sprague Sawmill, ca. 1872 - 1873 (Block 23, Lot 6)
Located at the foot of 5 th Avenue NE in the northwest corner of Block 23, the Sprague
Sawmill was a short-lived endeavor. Constructed in the early 1870s, this small wood-framed
sawmill was apparently abandoned in the mid 1870s. The location of this mill,
though, is clearly illustrated on Cook's 1872 map (Cook 1872) (Figure 9).
4.3.2 Minneapolis Strawboard and Paper/B.F. Nelson Paper Company, 1882 -
1973, (Block 23, Lots 1-2)
In 1882, the Minneapolis Strawboard Company started a paperbox factory on the river
at 4 th Avenue NE and Main Street along the southern edge of Block 23 (Anfinson
1989:93). The main structure of this complex was a large brick building that is clearly
illustrated on Herancourt's 1885 panoramic view of Minneapolis (Herancourt 1885)
(Figure 10). The 1885 Sanborn Map Company fire insurance map provides a detailed
plan of the building (Sanborn Map Company 1885) (Figure 11). A structure, though,
appears at this location on Cook's 1872 map and a building with the same fenestration
and roofline is documented on Ruger's 1879 panoramic view of Minneapolis (Figures
7 and 9). The structure's use during this earlier period is not known. In 1888, B.F.
Nelson and Company purchased the paper mill and expanded the operation in the name
of the Nelson Paper Company to include the manufacture of roofing materials and
saturated felt (Anfinson 1989:93). The paper mill operations were eventually
subsumed into the larger B.F. Nelson Manufacturing plant which eventually covered all
of Block 23. After B.F. Nelson stopped production in 1973, all of the company's
buildings were dismantled.
4.3.3 Rollins/Nelson-Tenney “A” Sawmill, 1871 - ca.1905
(Block 17, Lots 3 and 4)
In 1871, John Rollins built a sawmill at the foot of 4 th Avenue NE along the northern
edge of Block 17 (Anfinson 1989:93). The building is illustrated on Cook's 1872 map
of Minneapolis (Figure 9). In 1873, the business was sold to Fred Clarke (Anfinson
1989:93). Clarke's mill and associated smokestack are visible at the end of 4 th
Avenue on Ruger's 1879 panoramic view (Figure 7). In 1882, Nelson, Tenney and
Company bought the sawmill (Anfinson 1989:93). The details of the sawmill's
construction, as described on the 1885 Sanborn map, correspond to the buildings in the
1885 illustration of the Nelson-Tenney mill (Morrison 1885; Sanborn Map Company
1885) (Figures 11 and 12). When Nelson-Tenney purchased the Stetson and Clough
sawmill to the immediate south (Block 17, Lots 1 and 2), they designated the Rollins
mill “Sawmill `A'” and the Clough mill “Sawmill `B'.” Notations on the...B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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SOURCE: MORRISON 1885
FIGURE 12. 1885 ILLUSTRATION OF THE NELSON-TENNEY AND CO.
SAWMILL
SOURCE: UEBEL 1901, MHS NEG. NO. 30977
FIGURE 13. WATERCOLOR OF THE PROJECT AREA PAINTED FROM
NICOLLET ISLAND BY FERDINAND UEBEL, 1901.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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1892 Rascher map indicate that neither mill was in operation at that time and that both
were in the process of being dismantled (Rascher Insurance Map Publishing Company
1892). Both mills, though, are illustrated in Ferdinand Uebel's 1901 painting of the
project area and Anfinson notes that they were in operation until 1905 (Anfinson
1989:93; Uebel 1901) (Figure 13). By 1912, though, neither mill was standing and a
rag and wastepaper warehouse was constructed by the B.F. Nelson Manufacturing
Company on the site of Sawmill A (Sanborn Map Company 1912).
4.3.4 Stetson and Clough Brothers/Nelson-Tenney “B” Sawmill, 1880 - ca. 1905
(Block 17, Lots 1 and 2)
In 1880, a steam-powered sawmill was constructed along the river just below the foot
of 4 th Avenue NE in Block 17 (Anfinson 1989:93). This sawmill, which was known as
the Stetson and Clough Brothers Sawmill, was illustrated in detail on the 1885 Sanborn
map and in an isometric view published in 1888 (Bliss 1888; Sanborn Map Company
1885) (Figures 11 and 14). By 1892, Nelson-Tenney had purchased the mill and
consolidated its operations with their existing mill to the north (Anfinson 1989:93).
These dual sawmills on either side of their shared boiler room and associated tower
are illustrated on Herancourt's 1885 panoramic view (Figure 10). As with Mill A to
the north, Mill B ceased operation in 1905 and was no longer standing by 1912
(Anfinson 1989; Sanborn Map Company 1912).
4.3.5 St. Anthony Turner Hall (Block 22, Lot 4)
The St. Anthony branch of the Turnverein or “Turners,” a German-American institution
that combined humanitarian interests and German patriotism with literary and
gymnastic activities, was founded in 1857. The presence of the Turner society in St.
Anthony reflects the town's importance as the site of the earliest concentration of
German settlement within present-day Minneapolis (Johnson 1981:169). In 1870, the
Turners constructed a new 30 ft. x 36 ft. hall on the corner of 6 th Avenue NE and
Marshall Street NE in the northeast corner of Block 22 (St. Anthony Turnverein
1932:3). The first structure on the site burned to the ground on February 8, 1874. The
hall, though, was rebuilt on the same location later that same year (St. Anthony
Turnverein 1932:3). This structure is illustrated on the 1879 panoramic map of
Minneapolis and also appears in the background of Uebel's 1901 painting of the
project area (Figures 7 and 13). After the large East-side Minneapolis fire of August
13, 1893, the St. Anthony Turner Hall served as a shelter for the homeless displaced by
the fire (Zawsky 1960:10-12). The Turners remained a Northeast Minneapolis
institution until 1930, when the society sold the structure to the B.F. Nelson
Manufacturing Company. A condition of the sale was that B.F. Nelson establish a
community center in the building for five years. In compliance with this request, the
B.F. Nelson Memorial Settlement House used the building for a period of time (St..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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SOURCE: BLISS 1888
FIGURE 14. 1888 ILLUSTRATION OF THE STETSON AND CLOUGH BROTHERS
SAWMILL
SOURCE: MHS, NEG. NO. 3526-A
FIGURE 15. B.F. NELSON MEMORIAL SETTLEMENT HOUSE, 1937.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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Anthony Turnverein 1932:11) (Figure 15). The 1952 Sanborn map indicates that the
Turner Hall was no longer standing by that year (Sanborn Map Company 1952).
4.4 POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE
4.4.1 Sprague Sawmill, Minneapolis Strawboard and Paper Mill, Rollins
Sawmill, and the Stetson and Clough Brothers Sawmill
The development of the towns of St. Anthony and Minneapolis was centered on the
ability to harness the power of the tumbling water of St. Anthony Falls. The flour mills
and early platform sawmills used canals and tailraces to power their turbines. During
the 1880s, though, the development of steam power allowed industry to move away
from the falls. Lining both sides of the river north of Hennepin Avenue, these steam
driven mills were soon leaders of the world's lumber production (Anfinson 1989:26).
Archaeological features and artifacts associated with the North Star and Pacific
Sawmills on the west bank of the river were encountered during the 1983 and 1986
archaeological surveys of the proposed West River Parkway extension (Anfinson
1984; Tordoff 1984; Tordoff and Clouse, 1987). The constraints of the archaeological
testing for the West River Parkway, though, did not allow for the full exposure and
documentation of the mill remains. If intact archaeological deposits associated with
the sawmills of the B.F. Nelson site exist, they would allow for thorough
documentation and interpretation of late-nineteenth-century steam powered sawmills
within the context of the development of St. Anthony and the east bank of the
Minneapolis riverfront. As such, the property is recommended as potentially eligible
under National Register Criterion A for its association with the industrial and
economic development of Minneapolis and St. Anthony. If intact sawmill remains
survive, they also could potentially be considered significant under National Register
Criterion C if they document a particular type, period, or technological development
within the milling industry. Furthermore, the site is recommended as potentially
eligible under National Register Criterion D for its ability to yield, or likely yield,
information important to our understanding of this period of history.
4.4.2 St. Anthony Turnverein Hall and B.F. Nelson Memorial Settlement House
The hall of the St. Anthony Turnverein or “Turners” served as a community center for
the area's large German population. Town meetings, concerts, lectures, theater
productions, gymnastic events, and dances were typical Turnverein events. Teachings
focused on morality and humanity and were couched in the freethinking Socialism and
intellectualism for which the Turnverein were known (Johnson 1981:165, 169). The
activities of the hall provided a sense of place for the German settlers of the
burgeoning town of St. Anthony. It is not surprising, therefore, that when the socially-.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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minded Turners sold their building to the B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company in 1930
that they stipulated the building be used as a settlement house (St. Anthony Turnverein
1932:11). The settlement house movement, together with the new social work
philosophy, sought to alleviate the problems of industrialization and mass immigration
(Holmquist 1981:11). The B.F. Nelson Memorial Settlement House hosted community
meetings, social club gatherings, and Works Progress Administration (WPA) activities,
among other events. The Turner Hall, and its subsequent use as a settlement house, was
a significant feature in the social development of the St. Anthony West Neighborhood.
Should the foundations of this structure and associated archaeological features survive,
the site is recommended as potentially eligible under National Register Criterion A for
its association with the area's ethnic history and the national settlement house
movement. In addition, the site may potentially be eligible under Criterion D for its
ability to yield, or likely yield, information important in history..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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5.0 RESULTS
The environmental testing conducted by Delta consisted of the excavation of 8 test
trenches and the boring of 20 direct-push geoprobes (Figure 16). Because the location
of these tests were selected on the basis of recognized, or potential, environmental
impacts associated with the former B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company, they were not
placed at locations that would have best assessed the archaeological integrity of the
site. The results of the testing, though, indicated that intact archaeological deposits
potentially lie buried beneath the fill and debris associated with the occupation and
eventual destruction of the B.F. Nelson site.
5.1 BLOCK 17 - AREA OF SAWMILL A AND B
Block 17 encompasses the southeast portion of the B.F. Nelson site (Figure 17). This
area is bounded the west and south by the river, to the east by Main Street NE and to
the north by the former line of 4 th Avenue NE. Historically this block contained the
Nelson-Tenney and Company Sawmill and the Stetson and Clough Brothers Sawmill
buildings. After these structures were torn down, warehouses for the storage of rags
and waste paper were constructed by B.F. Nelson on this portion of the site. A
railroad spur serviced these buildings and in situ rails and associated concrete walls
are still extant.
Testing occurred on the flats to the east and west of the rail spur. Two trenches and a
total of 6 geoprobes were placed in this area. Testing west of the rail spur (T1, T2,
GP4 and GP7) was all within portions of the riverfront that had been filled-in between
1892 and 1912. The test trenches revealed 30 centimeters (cm) of topsoil followed by
60 cm to 100 cm of industrial fill that contained brick and concrete rubble, slag, and
charcoal. At a depth of approximately 1.2 meters (m), a 30-cm band of deep black
stratum with a high charcoal and rag content was encountered. Beneath this layer
additional deposits containing rubble, brick, slag and wire were recorded. This
stratum halted at approximately 2.5 m, which in Trench 1 was the result of refusal when
a 2.5-ft. wide concrete foundation was encountered at that depth. GP4 and GP7 also
documented deep deposits of industrial fill associated with the B.F. Nelson
Manufacturing Company. In addition, though, within GP4, sawdust and wood chips
were discovered beneath the fill at a depth of 15 ft. These materials are likely tied to
the operation of the sawmills and the infilling of the bank with the byproducts of the
mills....B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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Testing east of the rail spur consisted of the pushing of four geoprobes (GP5a, GP5b,
GP6, and GP15). The southern probes revealed topsoil followed by a sandy silt fill
mixture. Again, in GP5b, sawdust and wood chips were recorded at a depth of 15 ft.
GP6, which was the northernmost probe in this area, revealed industrial deposits in the
form of slag, brick, and limestone rubble. At a depth of 16 ft., a layer of soggy wood
was encountered. These materials reflect the proximity of GP6 to Sawmill B and the
subsequent use of the location as a rag warehouse.
Environmental testing within Block 17 occurred to the south and west of the location of
historic Sawmills A and B. While much of this area consisted of industrial fill, the
presence of deeply buried strata containing sawdust and wood chips indicate that
deposits associated with the mills like buried beneath the surface.
5.2 BLOCK 18 - RESIDENTIAL AREA
Block 18 is located in the eastern portion of the B.F. Nelson site. This area is bounded
to the west by the former route of Marshall Street NE, to the east by Main Street NE, to
the north by 5 th Avenue NE and to the south by the intersection of Main Street and old
Marshall. Historically this block contained a number of dwelling and at least one
storefront. Testing in this block consisted of the pushing of three geoprobes (GP1-GP3).
The results of these tests indicate shallow cultural deposits that transition
rapidly to cobbles and sterile sand a depth of 1.5 m. Other than shingles and a brick
that were encountered in GP2, no cultural materials were recorded during the testing in
this block. This lack of refuse is surprising in light of the number of structures that
were once located on this block and the fact that GP 2 was actually located within the
foundations of a former dwelling. While archaeological testing might reveal cultural
deposits within this block, the results of the environmental testing suggest that perhaps
this block was graded or otherwise impacted by the alteration of Marshall Street's
alignment.
5.3 BLOCK 22 - TURNER HALL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA
Block 22 is located in the northwest portion of the B.F. Nelson site. This area is
bounded to the west by Boom Island Park, to the east by the former route of Marshall
Street NE, to the north by 6 th Avenue NE and to the south by 5 th Avenue NE.
Historically this block contained a number of dwellings and the building of the St.
Anthony Turnverein. Between 1912 and 1952, the B.F. Nelson Manufacturing
Company constructed a warehouse and buildings for the manufacturing of paint and
roof coating in the southeast corner of the block. Testing in this block consisted of the
excavation of four test trenches (T5-T8) and the pushing of three geoprobes (GP12,
GP13, and GP17). As in Block 18, the stratigraphy in this area was shallow. Trenches
and geoprobes transitioned to sand and cobbles at approximately 1 m..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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The excavation of Trench 5 revealed the largest concentration of artifacts encountered
during the environmental testing. At a depth of 30 cm, a 20-cm thick layer containing
abundant artifacts and ash was encountered. Artifacts from this level included shoe
leather, faunal remains, nails, milk glass canning jar lids, plain whitewares, and hand-painted
whitewares. These deposits were typical of ca. 1900 domestic refuse and
were likely associated with the occupation of one of the house along 5 th Avenue NE.
While the environmental testing was taking place, a Minneapolis Fire Department hook
and ladder truck tested its hoses at the B.F. Nelson site on May 16. The force of a
dropped fire hose excavated an approximately 50 cm deep depression in the northeast
corner of Block 22. This hole was located to the south of the former St. Anthony
Turner Hall. Artifacts revealed at this location included utilitarian ironstone ceramics,
stonewares, bottle glass, and abundant nails. Again, these materials were in keeping
with a ca. 1900 occupation.
5.4 BLOCK 23 - MINNESOTA STRAWBOARD AND PAPER COMPANY/NELSON
PAPER COMPANY, SPRAGUE SAWMILL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA
Block 23 is located in the central portion of the B.F. Nelson site. This area is bounded
to the west by the river, to the east by the former route of Marshall Street NE, to the
north by 5 th Avenue NE and to the south by the former route of 4 th Avenue NE.
Historically the southern portion of this block was occupied by the Minnesota
Strawboard and Paper Company, which eventually became the Nelson Paper Company.
The northwest corner of the block consisted of residences, stores, and a saloon during
the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century. By 1952, the entire block was occupied
by the buildings of the B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company. Testing in this block
consisted of the excavation of two test trenches (T3 and T4) and the pushing of seven
geoprobes (GP8-GP11, GP14, GP16, and GP18) on the uplands, and two geoprobes
(GP19 and GP20) on the flats below the scarp.
The excavation of Trench 3 in the northern portion of the block revealed concrete slabs
25 and 90 cm below the surface (cmbs) at the eastern edge of the trench. The
remainder of the trench consisted of loose fill. Excavation was halted at a depth of 2.7
m because the trench was beginning to cave in. The other trench (T4) in this block was
excavated near the location of the former B.F. Nelson asphalt stills. Tar was
encountered at a depth of 1.2 m and the excavation was closed.
Seven geoprobes were pushed in the upland portion of this block. The easternmost
probe (GP8) was located within the footprint of the Nelson Paper Company building
which had a basement. Due to the presence of the basement, when the probing was
halted at 20 ft., the core still contained fill. GP9, which was located just to the
northwest of GP8 and outside of the paper company building, demonstrated alternating
bands of industrial accumulation and clean sand to a depth of 24 ft., when probing was.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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halted. The western group of probes (GP10, GP11, and GP18) in the central portion of
the bloc were located within the Nelson Paper Company and associated warehouses,
which had concrete floors. GP10, 11, and 18 hit concrete refusal at depths of 14 ft., 9
ft., and 11.5 ft. respectively. Two geoprobes were placed in the northwest corner of
Block 23 as well. GP14 was located near the machine room of the B.F. Nelson plant.
Refusal was met at 11 ft. GP16, was located just to the east of GP14 and within the
roofing manufacturing area. Concrete was encountered at a depth of 15 ft.
Two geoprobes were pushed on the flats along the river in the western portion of Block
23. GP19 and GP20 were located just to the west of the foundations of the Nelson
paper warehouse and within an area of historic fill. Both probes exhibited layers of
sand and silt and an absence of cultural material.
Block 23 was the location of the most concentrated industrial use on the site. In
keeping with this use, testing in this block revealed fill accumulated atop concrete
pads. The presence of these buried pads, though, indicates that while the buildings of
the B.F. Nelson plant were dismantled, the foundations of the structures and their
associated concrete floors were left intact. The continued presence of these features
bodes well for the potential preservation of earlier cultural deposits beneath these
buildings..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
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Page 28
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
Because test locations were selected on the basis of environmental concerns and not
archaeological testing strategies, the data gathered was not sufficient to assess the
archaeological integrity of specific resources. The results of the trench excavations
and probes, though, did indicate that potentially significant archaeological deposits
from the late-nineteenth century might be preserved beneath the fill and debris
associated with the destruction of the B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company plant.
Therefore, The 106 Group recommends that any additional environmental testing be
monitored by an archaeologist and that prior to any subsurface impacts that the APE
undergo further archaeological testing. If cultural resources are uncovered that are
considered eligible for the National Register, The 106 Group further recommends that
the inclusion of the B.F. Nelson site within the boundaries of the St. Anthony Falls
National Register Historic District be revisited.
Furthermore, as the B.F. Nelson site is located on Central Riverfront Regional Park
land, just outside the northeast portion of the St. Anthony Falls National Register
Historic District, The 106 Group suggests that the property provides an opportunity to
link the neighborhood with the existing park system. At present, the park trail skirts the
site to the northwest as it crosses from Nicollet Island to Boom Island Park. Although
a formal path system is not present on the B.F. Nelson property, it is frequented by
pedestrians, joggers, and cyclists, who use it as a means of connecting to the trails of
Nicollet Island and Boom Island Park. The undeveloped lands of the B.F. Nelson site
and its history provide the opportunity to expand the park trail system in the historically
and environmentally sensitive fashion already present in the St. Anthony Falls Heritage
Trail..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
Archaeological Monitoring
REFERENCES
Abel, E., P. Nunnally, and R. Peterson
1997 Phase I Cultural Resources Investigation for River Shore Soil Remediation
and Completion of the West River Parkway, Minneapolis, Hennepin County,
Minnesota. Loucks Project Report 95121. Prepared for Minnegasco.
Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society, St.
Paul.
Anfinson, S.
1984 Archaeological Potential on the West Side of the Central Minneapolis
Waterfront. Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota
Historical Society, St. Paul.
1989 Archaeology of the Central Minneapolis Riverfront. Part 1: Historical
Overview and Archaeological Potentials. The Minnesota Archaeologist, Vol.
48 (1-2).
2001 SHPO Manual for Archaeological Projects in Minnesota. Minnesota State
Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Bliss, F.
1888 Past and Present of the Twin Cities. F.C. Bliss, Minneapolis.
Clouse, R.
1996 Industrial Archaeology at Mills Ruins Park. Minnesota State Historic
Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Cook, F.
1872 Map of Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota. Map on file at the
Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Delta Environmental Consultants, Inc.
2001 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, Former B.F. Nelson Facility, 401
North Main Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Delta Project No. A000-136-1.0001.
Submitted to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, January 16,
2001.
Herancourt, W.
1885 Minneapolis, Minnesota. J. Monasch, Minneapolis.
Hess, J. and S. Anfinson.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
Archaeological Monitoring
1991 Additional Information, September, 1991. St. Anthony Falls Historic
District, Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota. Minnesota State
Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Holmquist, J. (editor)
1981 They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the State's Ethnic Groups. Minnesota
Historical Society Press, St. Paul.
Johnson, H.
1981 The Germans. In They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the State's Ethnic
Groups, edited by J.D. Holmquist, pp. 153-184. Minnesota Historical Society
Press, St. Paul.
Morrison, A.
1885 The Industries of Minneapolis. G.M. Elstner and Company, Minneapolis.
Rascher Insurance Map Publishing Company
1892 Atlas of Minneapolis and Suburbs, Minnesota. Rascher Insurance Map
Publishing Company, Chicago.
Ruger, A.
1867 Minneapolis and Saint Anthony, Minnesota, 1867. Chicago Lithography
Company, Chicago.
1879 Panoramic View of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1879. J.J. Stoner,
Madison, Wisconsin.
Rust, J., C. Dobbs, and J. McCarthy
1995 Archaeological Survey and Evaluation of Portions of the Bridgehead Site,
Minneapolis, Minnesota. IMA Reports of Investigation No. 281.
St. Anthony Turnverein
1932 Diamond Jubilee Anniversary, 1857-1932: St. Anthony Turnverein,
Minneapolis, Minn., February 7 th , 1932. St. Anthony Turnverein,
Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Sanborn Map Company
1885 Insurance Maps of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Sanborn Map Company, New
York.
1912 Insurance Maps of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Sanborn Map Company, New
York.
1952 Insurance Maps of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Sanborn Map Company, New
York..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
Archaeological Monitoring
Skaar, K.
1999 Preliminary Project Report on the Mississippi River Whitewater Trail
Park Hennepin County. Prepared for the Minnesota Department of Natural
Resources Trails and Waterways Cultural Resources Program. Minnesota
State Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Tordoff, J.
1984 A Phase I Archaeological Survey of the West River Parkway, Minneapolis,
Hennepin County, Minnesota. Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office,
Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Tordoff, J. and R. Clouse
1987 Archaeological Excavations Along the Proposed West River Parkway -
1986, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office,
Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Uebel, F.
1901 Sawmill on the Mississippi River; view from Nicollet Island. Watercolor.
Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. Neg. No. 30977.
Zawsky, J.
1960 The East-Side Fire: The Tragic Day, August 13, 1893, when Part of
Minneapolis was Devastated by Fire. Hennepin County History 1960
(Spring):10-12..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
Archaeological Monitoring
APPENDIX A
COMMUNICATION FROM SHPO..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
Archaeological Monitoring
APPENDIX B
MINNESOTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL LICENSE..B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
Archaeological Monitoring
APPENDIX C
LIST OF PROJECT PERSONNEL.B.F. Nelson Manufacturing Company
Archaeological Monitoring
LIST OF PERSONNEL
Principal Investigator K. Anne Ketz, M.A.
Field Director Michelle M. Terrell, Ph.D.
Senior GIS Specialist Tony Mathys, M.A.
GIS Specialist Kateri Kormann, B.A.
Graphics Artist John Redmann